See This Report about A1 Professional Asphalt & Sealing Llc

Get This Report on A1 Professional Asphalt & Sealing Llc


Prior to we begin discussing the ins and outs of sealcoating, we need to initially go over the fundamentals of asphalt pavement and why one would intend to use sealer to it's surface area. Like any good artisan, it is vital we have an excellent grasp of the materials Asphalt sidewalk is known for its longevity and durability.


A lot of state and federal governments very choose asphalt sidewalk due to its integrity and enduring life. If it is correctly laid, it need not be changed for twenty to twenty 5 years. Asphalt pavement is additionally the most prominent selection for applications such as driveways, parking area, roadways, airstrips and more.


Asphalt is likewise one of the most commonly recycled material in the United Statesbefore paper or plastic! Around 80% of all asphalt sidewalk is recycled when it is eliminated. Without doubt, if you are searching for lasting sidewalk for these applications, and one that can be made use of over and over once again, asphalt pavement is the very best choice.




A1 Professional Asphalt & Sealing Llc Can Be Fun For Everyone


Fluid asphalt a sticky black compound is utilized as the binding material in asphalt pavements. It is viscous in nature and can likewise be found in semi solid kinds. An additional typical term for asphalt is asphalt. The pavement when blended contains 90 to 95% accumulation and sand, and 5 to 10% asphalt or asphalt.




A1 AsphaltA-1 Asphalt

 



 


The cooler the asphalt surface area the less versatile the general sidewalk. This flexibility discovered in asphalt sidewalk is just one of its greatest staminas, permitting the surface to adapt to transforming problems generated by weather condition and the constantly altering surface under it. Another chief attribute of asphalt is its capacity to ward off water.


It is additionally the reason that asphalt professionals such as on your own stay in business. The initial step in developing asphalt sidewalk is called Predose. Below, depending on the asphalt recipe, the accumulated components of asphalt sidewalk are considered making use of a belt weighing tool. A belt weigher is used so that the materials can concurrently be considered and required to the next action in the process.




A1 Professional Asphalt & Sealing Llc Fundamentals Explained


A rotary drying drum is utilized to dry out the components at about 300 degrees. The binding component, or fluid asphalt, is kept in separate warmed containers so that it remains liquid appropriate for blending.


After the hot asphalt mix is created it is kept in a heated silo. The majority of asphalt plants have several chambers to keep various recipes.


If the asphalt mix cools it can not be compacted - https://a1asphaltseal.blog.ss-blog.jp/2024-04-20?1713614648. It must be noted that before the asphalt sidewalk is used, there is a lot of preparation that occurs. In truth, unless the asphalt is being laid over existing asphalt (overlay), it is the preparation of the ground below the pavement that is one of the most prominent consider the life of an asphalt sidewalk surface area.




5 Simple Techniques For A1 Professional Asphalt & Sealing Llc


Base materials can be compressed rock and/or an asphalt base with it's own distinct dish. Regardless, without appropriate foundation the life of the paved surface area is considerably reduced. Before the asphalt sidewalk can be related to the surface area (particularly if it be an existing asphalt surface area) it must first be prepared by spraying a slim coat of liquid asphalt binder (hot tack) making use of an asphalt distributor.


When the mix gets to the building website, it is laid making use of an asphalt paver and compacted using asphalt rollers. Outside of laying the asphalt correctly, the final top quality of the asphalt sidewalk counts heavily on the quality of the asphalt mix and its compaction. Appropriate rolling techniques have actually to be made use of to ensure appropriate compaction.


A minimum of 1 day is needed for the asphalt mix to solidify before it can be used. https://visual.ly/users/a1asphaltsealng/portfolio. If adequate time is not allowed for solidification, after that it will certainly lead to bad a quality pavement. The asphalt mix need to be well compressed making use of the appropriate weight rollers relying on the thickness of the driveway




With time, with the continuous influence of rainfall, snow, warmth, chilly et cetera, the asphalt pavement and surface under it will start to slowly degrade and break down. Asphalt maintenance consisting of cracksealing, fracture patching check out here and sealcoating can all be made use of to protect and extend the life of the already long life cycle of asphalt pavement.




All about A1 Professional Asphalt & Sealing Llc


With so much asphalt worldwide, asphalt sealcoating and sidewalk upkeep are BIG company. asphalt repairs. Remain for our following phase where we'll learn what creates asphalt pavement to destabilize and wear away, exactly how to diagnose the reason, and exactly how to prescribe the treatment!




A1 ProfessionalWhat Is Cold Mix Asphalt

 



If you've ever questioned what is the distinction between asphalt and sidewalk when driving down the street, you are not alone in your interest. Recognizing the distinctions in between these products is important since what kind of material is utilized can impact a driveway or road's price, toughness, safety problems and long life.


So leap into this subject to discover what it indicates to select asphalt versus pavement. Asphalt is a material developed with warm Asphalts, a dark-colored liquid compound discovered below the earth's surface - what is cold asphalt?. This product has actually been around for thousands of years and was even made use of by old human beings for waterproofing




Some Known Factual Statements About A1 Professional Asphalt & Sealing Llc


Environmental impact: The manufacturing and transportation of asphalt can hurt the setting, including air and water pollution. Life expectancy: While asphalt is resilient, it has a much shorter lifespan than various other paving materials, such as concrete, and might need to be repaved more regularly. Sidewalk is a difficult surface area made from different products, such as asphalt or concrete, used for paths and highways.

 

7 Easy Facts About Asphalt Explained

The Single Strategy To Use For Commercial Asphalt


Commercial Parking LotCommercial Paving

The majority of commercial and also property driveways are ended up with either asphalt or concrete. Both are cost-effective, but asphalt comes with even more advantages. An asphalt driveway can typically be laid in one or two days, depending on the size of the task.


Relying on the season, asphalt driveways can be prepared for usage in just two days after completion, whereas concrete can take up to a week to cure. Unlike concrete, asphalt is exempt to surface area molting created by bad setup, incorrect prep work of the blend as well as the application of salts to thaw ice and also snow.


Concrete is a lot more tough to maintain, due to the fact that it can not be warmed as well as repaired with the exact same simplicity as asphalt pavement. An added advantage of asphalt is that its black shade assists attract as well as keep even more of the sun's heat. In the winter, this indicates that snow will thaw quicker on an asphalt driveway than it will on a concrete driveway.


 

Fascination About Commercial Asphalt


You might not assume there is much difference between driveway paving materials apart from price, but there are essential benefits that only specific products can supply you (hot asphalt). Among the most effective products to use in paving your home's driveway is asphalt, for plenty of factors beyond simply cost. Cost isn't the only variable, yet it's an essential one.




 


The expense of asphalt setup depends on just how much work the staff requires to do to prepare the ground for asphalt paving, but it remains in nearly all cases significantly less expensive than concrete paving. Safety upkeep and small damages repairs on asphalt driveways are fast and reliable. While asphalt does fade to a gray from its initial striking black after a few years, the solution for this is easy.


It will certainly be greatly black once again. Larger cracks just require a simple repair, too. We can complete a larger split to ensure that it fits back in with the remainder of your driveway. With a concrete driveway, all paving kerbs you can do is wait and see what the damages is after the freezing cold has actually had months to batter your driveway.




Facts About Asphalt Uncovered


An additional thing that hurts driveways in the winter season is the rock salt that is used to keep them clear of ice. Concrete is degraded by the chemicals in this salt which makes it damage down much easier, however asphalt stands solid versus these chemicals (asphalt paving).


Asphalt has a long lifespan with the correct upkeep, with click to find out more an average of fifteen years prior to it needs substitute. It doesn't take much to maintain your asphalt healthy so you can obtain a full functioning life out of it. Remember to load in any kind of big splits that grow gradually, and also to have it seal layered every couple of years.


Asphalt can be reused. Millions of tons of asphalt are reused in the United States alone every year. If you want a driveway that you can rely on, one that will last for several years and years with minimal upkeep, then think about an asphalt driveway from Total Asphalt Paving.




The Best Strategy To Use For Asphalt Paving




We'll utilize our advanced tools and years of experience to lay down the asphalt flawlessly. The installation of a household driveway is usually lugged out in one of 2 ways, link concrete or asphalt. Both supply a relatively economical and also durable option, yet frequently asphalt has the side over its precursor.




Commercial PavingCommercial Asphalt
Here, we take a closer take a look at 4 major advantages of asphalt driveway setups: Compared to concrete solutions, asphalt is considerably extra sturdy as well as versatile, making it a near-perfect option for your driveway. With time, concrete can be susceptible to cracks, splinters and also flakiness, with dirt and particles ending up being a practically permanent component (Faith asphalt).




The 8-Minute Rule for Commercial Parking Lot


 


As suggested, setting up an asphalt driveway is a rather speedy process, normally taking no greater than a pair of days to finish, depending on the size of the task and working conditions. In contrast, a concrete driveway will take much longer to lay and even longer to set and also dry, with a concrete installment requiring a minimum of a week to treat before it can be driven on.


During winter season, concrete can be susceptible to fractures and wear and tear as well as deal with major shifts in temperature level or conditions. Asphalt is less susceptible to the changing of the climate, able to soak up warm in the summertime as well as also melt snow quicker in the winter season, thanks to its dark colour and insulation properties.


Typically, an asphalt driveway will certainly last a minimum of twelve years, however can last as long as thirty-five years, offering the installation was of a top quality, upkeep is brought out when required and also the climate condition are reasonably constant. One of one of the most crucial benefits of asphalt driveway installments is the smooth, elegant and entirely smooth aesthetic it provides.




Fascination About Commercial Paving


Asphalt roadways can minimize highway noise by as much as seven decibels. Asphalt roads also reduce the demand for pricey and also undesirable audio obstacles, often exceeding $2 million per mile.

 

The Ultimate Guide To Patio Contractors Service Near Me Annapolis Md

What Does J Gonzalez Construction Annapolis Md Do?

 

J Gonzalez Construction Annapolis MdPatio Contractors Company Near Me Annapolis Md

If your home structure has standard or Victorian architecture, a contemporary patio area pattern will certainly not fit the visual. This is why paver outdoor patios need to be developed with interest to detail. Whether you desire us to mount a modern-day design patio area or something with a Mediterranean panache, we have the ability and ability to supply you with these remedies.


For instance, if you desire something extra modern looking, you can choose interlocking concrete pavers. Block, absorptive pavers, and also all-natural rock pavers for patio areas in Edmond, OK, are the various other alternatives. All these products are highly resilient as well as offered in a wide array of shades as well as styles, designs, and patterns.

 

6 Easy Facts About Patio Contractors Service Annapolis Md Described

 

J Gonzalez Construction Annapolis MdJ Gonzalez Construction Patio Contractors Service Annapolis Md
For even more information concerning our premium solutions, do not hesitate to call Red Rock Landscape & Style at. You can additionally send us your inquiries concerning Paver Patios and demands through this Get in touch with United States form; we will react shortly.


You might select either large pavers or smaller bricks for this relying on your choices and also home style. The name could have you slightly baffled if you're not knowledgeable about the term, but you've seen it sometimes it's the v-shaped pattern. Pavers (additionally generally rectangular pavers) are set out in a v-shape, interlocking.

 

 

 

Some Known Details About J Gonzalez Construction Patio Contractors Company Near Me Annapolis Md


You might have big square pavers surrounded by much smaller sized ones to develop a neat, yet fascinating visual result. Layout is everything about creatingillusions as well as landscaping designs are no various. J Gonzalez Construction. If you have a tiny or narrow patio area, you can produce the illusion of area, by laying your pavers in bands with crushed rock or stone in between.




If you wish to obtain creative (and you have a big adequate space), a circular pattern is complex and also stunning for outdoor patios. The blocks or pavers would certainly be set out in a round pattern, emitting from the facility of the patio area to the outer sides. If you're very innovative, you might go with a pattern of various colors, or you could keep it easy with a single color combination.

 

 

 

Not known Incorrect Statements About Patio Contractors Service Near Me Annapolis Md


If one believes of backyard events, an attractive environment-friendly yard, with perfectly spaced pavers enters your mind. If the style of your yard is fairly classic and clean, this is an excellent style to upscale the outdoor patio area. Pavers would certainly be put at equivalent distances apart. You can produce a checkerboard appearance, or keep it straightforward in a grid style.


In some cases having fun with color patio style in the backyard click to investigate is an obstacle, particularly when you have the shades of blossoms as well as plants around you. This is not constantly true. If your yard is less complex stylishly, then using various color blocks and pavers on your patio area is an excellent way to beautify the outside living location.

 

 

 

J Gonzalez Construction Patio Contractors Company Near Me Annapolis Md for Beginners

 

 

 

 


If your color palette is red, then you might get various tones of red pavers, laid at periods to form patterns. Or if it's more neutral, you could utilize different shades of off-white as well as brownish. Pavers are a great click for source way to upgrade your patio area as well as they are very sturdy too.


Slabs and pavers are a few of one of the most common options for paths as well as in-ground patio areas in household installations, but many people don't even know the difference. Which's great! The ordinary house owner does not truly need to understand how to separate between 2 seemingly-arbitrary concrete items - Patio Contractors Company Annapolis MD. If you're assuming about employing a person to include slab or pavers right into your landscape, it's essential to be aware of the distinctions between them as well as which application is ideal suited to your one-of-a-kind needs.

 

 

 

The Single Strategy To Use For J Gonzalez Construction Annapolis Md


There are points you can utilize pieces for that you might never ever utilize a paver for; other applications that would likely break slabs would not break pavers. A lot of experienced landscape installers and designers artistically find means to make use of both pavers and also pieces in landscapes, causing resourceful building types that lend themselves nonetheless to consistency and also performance.

 

 

 

 


Both pavers as well as slabs can benefit pathways, but they would likely look and also work extremely in a different way. A pathway paving roads meaning made of pavers enables a much more comprehensive selection of patterns, curves, colours, and forms. It often tends to be fairly solid and regular looking, and also can tie various areas of your landscape together.

 

 

 

Some Of J Gonzalez Construction Patio Contractors Service Annapolis Md


They can be a little quicker to install, and also they're well suched as for their constant, uniform visual. Paver outdoor patios on the various other hand, permit a greater selection of shapes and also colours, as well as can be more conveniently tailored to include contours or paths. This is the much more usual choice for those seeking an outdoor cooking area or firepit design.


Slabs are also slim as well as huge to hold the weight of a lorry without breaking, so they must never ever be made use of for car applications. Regarding installation goes, here's a quick rundown on some basic guidelines that every installer must know: Pieces should be laid on a minimum of 4 inches of fully compressed If a piece patio is completely bordered on all sides by walling, the slabs can likewise be laid on top of Usually, slab patios as well as porches in house structures, which are built directly onto concrete, can be laid atop or to assist with water drainage.

 

 

 

The Single Strategy To Use For Patio Contractors Company Annapolis Md


If you are looking for low-cost paver patio suggestions, after that this post is for you. We will certainly show you some of the best and also least expensive paver patio areas to spruce up any kind of backyard or front yard.
 

More About Patio Contractors Company Annapolis Md

Our Patio Contractors Company Annapolis Md Diaries

 

Patio Contractors Service Near Me Annapolis MdJ Gonzalez Construction Patio Contractors Service Near Me Annapolis Md

What paver should you place in your backyard outdoor patio? Commonly, pea gravel is going to be your most inexpensive paver (and an excellent do it yourself design suggestion). Nevertheless, if you do not enjoy the appearance of gravel in your exterior area don't fret! There are lots of various other alternatives. Block pavers are mosting likely to be the following cheapest option.


However, if you have the means to spend lavishly on outdoor patio materials do it! If you have actually been assuming regarding altering some of your landscaping designs as well as including stone pavers, then you require to understand a quote of price. While every patio area area is going to differ, the typical price of a 2020 paver patio area is anywhere from $3,800 to $6,800.

 

J Gonzalez ConstructionJ Gonzalez Construction Annapolis Md

The cost is damaged down by the kind of pavers you pick as some are much more pricey than others. Normally, bluestone pavers, fieldstone pavers, and natural flagstone pavers are going to be extra costly. Once again it all depends on the selection of materials, if you work with someone out to lead your tiny space, and so on.

 

J Gonzalez Construction Patio Contractors Service Near Me Annapolis Md Fundamentals Explained


Picture using Farm Food Household If you're a minimalist and also are desiring something straightforward check out this paver concept. You might also do a do it yourself task and have an end result that appears like this! .

 

 

 

 


Paver patio ideas are endless. If you're desiring good looks as well as value, you require to make the appropriate selection when it comes to picking your outdoor patio pavers.

 

 

 

 

 

 


Some appear; some appear like real rock; others have actually complex patterns embossed on their surfaces. They're conveniently offered in your home improvement facilities as well as are well-suited to do it yourself patio area jobs. Interlocking concrete pavers have tabs and also slots so they fit with each other like items of an extremely simple challenge. They're relatively affordable, have marginal maintenance, and mount swiftly.

 

 

 

A Biased View of J Gonzalez Construction Patio Contractors Service Near Me Annapolis Md


Broken down granite isn't solid as well as furniture legs have a tendency to sink right into the rocks. Like the concept of upcycling? A patio area is an excellent means to recycle old structure products, and also it's a cost-efficient and also eco-friendly alternative to new materials.


For a typical 12-by-12-foot patio, you'll conserve $500 to $800 versus brand-new pavers. Invest a few of that on an outdoor patio celebration for your helpers. (If you're a restored materials enthusiast, have a look at our slideshow on clever means to make use of salvage in your residence.) Bear in mind, you're not stuck to one kind of patio paver.


With a browse around here sand or crushed rock base, chances are there'll be some settling over time. Every pair of years, strategy on resetting specific pavers that have gotten out of whack due to the fact that of working out.

 

 

 

10 Simple Techniques For J Gonzalez Construction Patio Contractors Company Near Me Annapolis Md


Our landscape style group can assist you develop the best plan for a paver outdoor patio and also you'll discover our installment fees to be affordable and inexpensive. There are 3 standard kinds of paver products-- all-natural stone, brick and concrete. Within these easy products there are hundreds of different designs and also colors - J Gonzalez Construction Patio Contractors Company Near Me Annapolis MD.


Rock offers a rugged charm to any type of outside area; numerous kinds are readily available for use as pavers. The pieces of stone can vary widely in color and design, even when cut from the exact same larger stone. Outside porcelain pavers are likewise offered and also they are frost-resistant, skid-resistant, sturdy and also very easy to tidy (J Gonzalez Construction).

 

 

 

Patio Contractors Service Annapolis MdPatio Contractors Service Near Me Annapolis Md
Do it yourself with WI We're right here to help you take the tough out of hardscaping. If you wish to construct a paver outdoor patio, walkway, driveway, or retaining wall surface, you'll need to pick the appropriate base material. Various experts will certainly utilize numerous base materials depending upon the application as well as sort of paver being mounted. Patio Contractors Service Near Me Annapolis MD.

 

 

 

The Definitive Guide to Patio Contractors Company Annapolis Md




Picking the wrong base can result in paver failure, breaking, unwanted movement, and also journey threats, so it is very important to make use of the proper base product for your application. Prior to we can discuss your paver base choices, you'll need to recognize what goes right into a base. Allow's dig in. A paver base is comprised of several different product layers with different support functions.


The bottom layer paving circles of is usually the sub-base for the majority of tasks. Depending upon where you reside, your sub-base may be clay, rock, or sand. If you stay in the Pacific Northwest, it will almost absolutely be dirt. The base look at these guys layer is the next degree of paver assistance as well as serves as a padding in between the paver and sub-base.


This technique uses a layer of sand as a bed in between the base and pavers. After setting up, the pavers are laid on top as well as pressed into area. The greatest benefit of this sort of paver base is that it's very long lasting and can last for years if installed properly.

 

 

 

Examine This Report on J Gonzalez Construction Patio Contractors Company Near Me Annapolis Md


An additional downside of sand-set paver bases is that the paver joints need to be full of polymeric sand after installation to keep them in location and also prevent weeds from growing with them. Furthermore, sand-set paver bases are not as flexible as some of the other paver base choices if there is a mistake throughout installation.


It ought to be moist enough to move around freely but not so wet that it holds on to everything. An open-graded paver base utilizes 1/4-10 smashed gravel or crushed rock as its assistance layers. This sort of base is useful because it is porous and enables water to flow openly via.
 

The 2-Minute Rule for Platinum Power Wash Greensboro Nc

How Paver Sealing Service Greensboro Nc can Save You Time, Stress, and Money.


While mounting patio pavers might be an apparent option, selecting whether or not to seal your pavers might be a choice offering you stop briefly.


We're outlining the advantages and disadvantages of sealing pavers to aid you identify whether this extra action will certainly profit your area. Platinum Power Wash Paver Sealing Company Greensboro NC. Once secured, you will need to frequently reseal your pavers, specifically if you make use of a thinner sealant that begins to damage down and create a movie over time.


It's essential to pick a top quality sealant initially of the sealing procedure as that will advertise the longevity of the results. Quality sealants are thicker and extra durable whereas affordable sealers are thinner and also break down much faster. When the surface area is secured, you'll have to reseal the pavers, which suggests there is an initial expenditure plus an intermittent expense each time you do upkeep. Platinum Power Wash Paver Sealing Service Greensboro NC.


Why? Due to the fact that the overspray can be damaging to bordering plants. You might wish to lay plastic sheeting over plants to shield them if they are really near to the new pavers. You also need to make certain to use a mask, protective handwear covers, shoe covers, long sleeves, and long pants throughout the sealing process.




Top Guidelines Of Paver Sealing Company Greensboro Nc


 

 



As well as lastly, make certain to use sealant in a well-ventilated area and take proper safety measures to avoid inhaling the fumes. When you use a sealer to your pavers, it provides a tidy, wet look with a glossy coating, relying on the finish of the sealer you make use of. It will certainly not modify the shade of the paver yet will rather highlight the tone of the product and boost the shade of the pavers.


Pavers made of concrete, natural rock, and brick can be vulnerable to fading, mold, rust, as well as staining gradually. Using a sealer can avoid stains and various other signs of aging plus it makes it much much easier to get rid of the dirt, oil, and also crud that they're routinely revealed to without leaving recurring results.




 


When that water freezes, it can increase and also cause the paver to fracture. The sealer functions into the pores of the paver as well as the cracks in between to prevent that water from resolving and creating damage.


This can make it a challenge to produce a company foundation to build your pathway, outdoor patio, patio, or whatever have you due to the fact that there's no means to eliminate moisture from beneath. If you apply a sealant over top, you're generally creating a barrier that will keep the water from getting to the structure and making run-off from precipitation much more efficient.




Platinum Power Wash Paver Sealing Service Greensboro Nc Fundamentals Explained


Now that you recognize both the advantages and disadvantages of securing your pavers, you can determine whether you want the benefit of that added security on your pavers. We really hope that this has actually been a handy guide when it comes to securing vs not securing outdoor patio pavers.


In addition, UV rays can create the pavers to discolor and wear out over time. Paver securing aids to supply an additional safety layer that maintains the shade in good problem and avoids fading over time.


Executing paver sealing over the surface area of pavers aids to inhibit weed development as well as protect against these problems from happening. Paver securing can extend the life time of the pavers, it is vital to ensure that you regularly have your pavers re-sealed.


The go to my blog appropriate upkeep and also protective solutions can significantly expand the lifetime of your components and make sure that they look excellent while doing so. Here at Red Door Pro Clean, we provide a selection of solutions to fulfill these demands on your building. Our paver securing solutions assist to safeguard your pavers, protect against stains, hinder weed development, and offer numerous added advantages.




Platinum Power Wash Greensboro Nc Can Be Fun For Everyone


There are several benefits to securing pavers, but it's not definitely necessary. It really depends upon your expectations check my site of pavers and also how much time you would certainly like them to look wonderful. Pavers that aren't secured will certainly be a lot more most likely to expand weeds in the joints, they will fade and also loose their color from wear and also UV failure, and also since a lot of newer paver sealers include an additive that will certainly harden the joint sand it is much less likely that you will have settling or moving triggered by joint sand loss.


The majority of paver produces will certainly inform you that it's not required to secure your pavers, however, it is highly suggested. If you don't secure your pavers, they will not wear away as well as perish away.




Paver Sealing Service Near Me Greensboro NcPaver Sealing Company Near Me Greensboro Nc

Platinum Power Wash Paver Sealing Service Near Me Greensboro NcPaver Sealing Company Near Me Greensboro Nc

Sealing can also secure your pavers from anything international that could drop on them discoloring from oil, leaves, spills. Sealing produces an undetectable layer on top of your pavers that wards off water, oil as well as anything else you might inadvertently go down, as long as you clean it away as quickly as you notice it.


An appropriately set up paver outdoor patio with correct drain will certainly great site go a lengthy way to stop weeds, nevertheless, securing pavers with a joint stabilizing sealant will certainly solidify the sand in the joint making it very hard for weeds to grow. A great deal of individuals are confused where weeds in the joints of pavers originated from.

 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15